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CancerVaccine™
CancerVaccine™ products are harmless giant liposomes made out of enriched cancer stem cells treated by
Tumorase™ digesting all the extracellular proteins, including self-recognition molecular patterns, while keeping the
cell membrane intact and preserving all intracellular antigens. Thus, the cancer cell membranes are the membranes of the giant liposomes
in CancerVaccine™ products, and the antigens are the intracellular mutant proteins, DNA, RNA and metabolites occurring naturally
in cancer cells. These antigens are mostly unknown. However, the immune system can decode them through the
antigen presentation processes. One minor concern is the elimination of cancer cell surface antigens. Nevertheless, the corresponding antigens in
DNA and RNA are preserved and can be equally presented to the immune system.
BioMedicure's CancerVaccine™ has been shown to be safe and effective in wild-type mouse melanoma models. CancerVaccine™ products can be used
for both cancer prevention and therapeutics since the immune system is trained genetically against cancer cell specific mutations.
CancerVaccine™ not only addresses and overcomes the challenges traditional cancer cell vaccines have in self-recognition molecule
patterns on their cell surface that strongly inhibit the antigen presentation processes, but also enhances the number and variety
of cancer vaccine antigens presented and remembered by the immune system.
When treated with Tumorase™, enriched cancer stem cells are used to make cancer vaccines. CancerVaccine™ are proven to
elicit a broad range of cancer cell specific immune responses to kill all types of cancer cells, including pre-cancer cells, cancer stem cells and metastasized
cancer cells. These immune responses are comparable to those that induced by cancer vaccine made out of in vivo tumor cells
(AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 Poster 4757: CancerVaccine: Novel proteinase treatment of melanoma cancer cells produces a cancer vaccine with enhanced
protective adaptive immune response).
Advantages of CancerVaccine™ compared to irradiated whole cell cancer vaccines:
- CancerVaccine™ is harmless since Tumorase™ treated cancer cells and enriched cancer stem cells from solid tumors are 100% killed and nonviable as tested in vitro and in vivo in nude mice and wild-type mice models. Radiation may kill the majority of cancer cells, but cannot completely destroy all DNA in the population so some cancer cells may survive if the radiation does not cause any cross-linking between and among proteins needed for the cancer cells to replicate.
- The giant round-shaped "liposomes" in CancerVaccine™ products are greatly enhanced antigen presentation units to the immune system. Irradiated whole-cell vaccine technology has difficulty in making individual cells as units for antigen presentation since cancer cells grow irregularly together to form solid tumors and are difficult to separate into individual cells, hindering the antigen presentation processes.
- CancerVaccine™ is made by the action of Tumorase™, the complete digestion of extracellular proteins separating cancer cells from solid tumors into individual cells and further enhancing antigen presentation processes. By contrast, radiation may cause cross-linking between or among many extracellular proteins and make the separation issue worse if the dose is large enough.
- The immune system treats CancerVaccine™ as foreign since the self-recognition molecular patterns on surfaces of giant liposomes are totally eliminated by Tumorase™. However, the same immune system will treat irradiated whole cell vaccines differently either as self for their self-recognition molecular patterns or self-mutant for their partial self or partial foreign patterns. The immune system's reactions to self will be no action and for the self-mutant could be a delayed type-hypersensitive (DTH) reaction. The self-recognition molecular pattern will prevent their entry into antigen presentation processes since the major histocompability complex molecules (including MHC I and II) are similar or the same in antigen presentation cells. Professional antigen presenters including macrophage and dendritic cells usually do not digest cells with self-recognition molecules. Even if digested, the fragments of digested self-recognition molecules will bind to antigen binding molecules (that are self-recognition molecules!) first, limiting their capacity for presentation of cancer specific antigens.
- CancerVaccine™ will require less enzymes from antigen presenters to digest antigens in the giant liposomes in CancerVaccine™ since Tumorase™ has pre-digested the matrix of extracellular proteins, including most importantly self-recognition proteins and some cell skeleton proteins. However, irradiated cancer cell vaccines require much more enzyme in order for antigen presenters to digest them since they are not in single cell forms, they have self-recognition molecular patterns and their extracellular proteins are extra burdens comparatively.
- CancerVaccine™ preserves most, if not all, antigens including those mutations in various proteins, DNAs, RNAs and metabolites. However, irradiated whole cell vaccines do not preserve antigens in DNAs or RNAs. These missing antigens can be critical cancer cell or tumor specific antigens.
- Thanks to the enhanced antigen presentation processes, each and every antigen has an opportunity to be presented while cancer cell lines with artificially over-expressed antigens will have mostly the over-expressed antigens presented during the antigen presentation processes. Antigens relatively under-expressed will have limited opportunity to be presented during the antigen presentation processes.
- CancerVaccine™ will elicit acquired immune responses against cancer cells specifically while irradiated whole cell vaccines may elicit DTH, a type of temporary innate immune responses. The built-in DNA immune responses (antigens are remembered by B-cells through DNA sequence recombination) elicited by CancerVaccine™ are much stronger, long-lasting and complete than temporary innate immune responses that require constant supply of T-cells, dendritic cells or natural killer cells to recognize or chase some cancer cell antigens which hinder the antigen presentation process.
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